Running Physiology Essays - Oxygen, Diving Medicine,

Running Physiology The Effects Of Altitude On Human Physiology Changes in altitude have a profound effect on the human body. The body attempts to maintain a state of homeostasis or balance to ensure the optimal operating environment for its complex chemical systems. Any change from this homeostasis is a change away from the optimal operating environment. The body attempts to correct this imbalance. One such imbalance is the effect of increasing altitude on the body's ability to provide adequate oxygen to be utilized in cellular respiration. With an increase in elevation, a typical occurrence when climbing mountains, the body is forced to respond in various ways to the changes in external environment. Foremost of these changes is the diminished ability to obtain oxygen from the atmosphere. If the adaptive responses to this stressor are inadequate the performance of body systems may decline dramatically. If prolonged the results can be serious or even fatal. In looking at the effect of altitude on body functioning we first must understand what occurs in the external environment at higher elevations and then observe the important changes that occur in the internal environment of the body in response. HIGH ALTITUDE In discussing altitude change and its effect on the body mountaineers generally define altitude according to the scale of high (8,000 - 12,000 feet), very high (12,000 - 18,000 feet), and extremely high (18,000+ feet), (Hubble, 1995). A common misperception of the change in external environment with increased altitude is that there is decreased oxygen. This is not correct as the concentration of oxygen at sea level is about 21% and stays relatively unchanged until over 50,000 feet (Johnson, 1988). What is really happening is that the atmospheric pressure is decreasing and subsequently the amount of oxygen available in a single breath of air is significantly less. At sea level the barometric pressure averages 760 mmHg while at 12,000 feet it is only 483 mmHg. This decrease in total atmospheric pressure means that there are 40% fewer oxygen molecules per breath at this altitude compared to sea level (Princeton, 1995). HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The human respiratory system is responsible for bringing oxygen into the body and transferring it to the cells where it can be utilized for cellular activities. It also removes carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system draws air initially either through the mouth or nasal passages. Both of these passages join behind the hard palate to form the pharynx. At the base of the pharynx are two openings. One, the esophagus, leads to the digestive system while the other, the glottis, leads to the lungs. The epiglottis covers the glottis when swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs. When the epiglottis is not covering the opening to the lungs air may pass freely into and out of the trachea. The trachea sometimes called the windpipe branches into two bronchi which in turn lead to a lung. Once in the lung the bronchi branch many times into smaller bronchioles which eventually terminate in small sacs called alveoli. It is in the alveoli that the actual transfer of oxygen to the blood takes place. The alveoli are shaped like inflated sacs and exchange gas through a membrane. The passage of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood is dependent on three major factors: 1) the partial pressure of the gases, 2) the area of the pulmonary surface, and 3) the thickness of the membrane (Gerking, 1969). The membranes in the alveoli provide a large surface area for the free exchange of gases. The typical thickness of the pulmonary membrane is less than the thickness of a red blood cell. The pulmonary surface and the thickness of the alveolar membranes are not directly affected by a change in altitude. The partial pressure of oxygen, however, is directly related to altitude and affects gas transfer in the alveoli. GAS TRANSFER To understand gas transfer it is important to first understand something about the behavior of gases. Each gas in our atmosphere exerts its own pressure and acts independently of the others. Hence the term partial pressure refers to the contribution of each gas to the entire pressure of the atmosphere. The average pressure of the atmosphere at sea level is approximately 760 mmHg. This means that the pressure is great enough to support a column of mercury (Hg) 760 mm high. To figure the partial pressure of oxygen you start with the percentage of oxygen present in the atmosphere which is about 20%. Thus oxygen

Sprawl vs. Traditional Neighborhoods

Sprawl vs. Traditional Neighborhoods Free Online Research Papers Sprawl can be defined as the urbanized areas on the edge of a town or city that have developed as a result of unplanned and unchecked expansion. A traditional neighborhood is almost the exact opposite. Traditional neighborhoods are planned around certain aspect of a city. Sprawl neighborhoods and traditional neighborhoods differ in many ways. Sprawl communities display segregated land use, congested roadways, and inefficient resource use. As far as traffic and transportation is concerned. Sprawl neighborhoods are not pedestrian friendly. Most people in sprawl neighborhoods drive because transportation is limited if at all available. Social and civic facilities are an afterthought in sprawl communities. In many cases, neighbors do not communicate and are not as open and friendly. Low Density developments pave over open space and have large infrastructure systems requiring large development blueprints. Traditional neighborhoods have mixed, multi generational, and friendly communities. Social and civic facilities are planned within the town and are designed to encourage walking to reduce car trips. Almost everything in the community is within walking distance to schools and parks; making the community highly pedestrian friendly. Traditional neighborhoods contain smaller neighborhoods making it highly accessible to interact with neighbors and the community. Traditional neighborhoods have efficient, small- scale infrastructure that requires a small urban footprint on the environment and have clustered higher density communities. Research Papers on Sprawl vs. Traditional Neighborhoods19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraOpen Architechture a white paperWhere Wild and West MeetBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfBringing Democracy to AfricaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

How Has the Proliferation of Privately Funded Prisons Changed the Research Paper

How Has the Proliferation of Privately Funded Prisons Changed the Criminal Justice System in America - Research Paper Example The proliferation of privately funded prisons in America began in the 1980s when privately owned companies such as the CCA (Corrections Corporation of America) and Wackenhut Corrections were listed as legitimate companies and went public in the stock market (Shichor, 1995). The privatization of prisons, which began nearly three decades ago, due to the burgeoning population of inmates in the publicly funded prisons, and its direct impact on the budget and rising costs, is a phenomenon which can be best described as the takeover of the publicly funded prisons by a group of private operators and signifies the emergence of a whole new era, that has significantly impacted the criminal justice system in the country. The contemporary private prisons business which took off after a privately funded for-profit company, the Corrections Corporation of America, offered to lease a government facility, leading to a historical contract, that any government had ever entered into with a private opera tor. The aggressive policies towards curbing drug abuse, and the resultant strengthening of the laws, further gave an impetus to the private correctional facilities as more and more inmates were seen being transferred by the federal government to such private prisons. According to Cheung (2002) the federal involvement in privatization of prisons, due to the major overcrowding of the federal prisons is one of the fundamental reasons for the proliferation of private prisons in the country. Figure: Rise in number of inmates between the period 1980-2007 Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Proponents of the privatization of prisons have argued that increased in privatization of prisons, help in cost savings thus garnering continued public as well as political support. Such a claim is backed by research conducted over the years to substantiate the hypothesis. It was observed that the private companies have significantly contributed in cost-savings by reducing cost-per-inmate and offering affordable services as compared to the public prisons (Steiner & Wooldredge 2009). However, this claim was further rejected by another study, which stated that there is hardly any difference with regard to cost-savings, since privatization has only contributed to approximately 1% savings (James & Garry, 2001). The underlying purpose of privatization of any government undertaking is to ensure better quality and effective service provision in the sector and afford cost-savings without compromising on the quality of the service delivered. Privately funded prisons have claimed that they offer better quality services as compared to public prisons, a claim which was substantiated with empirical evidence by researchers. In order to receive accreditation, prisons are required to fulfill various criteria, such as providing improved quality of services such as food, education, health etc., to the inmates; effective implementation of rehabilitative programs; and re ducing the aggressive episodes between the staff and inmates, along with various other factors such as providing a safe and healthy living environment for both the staff as well as inmates (Logan, 1991; Lanza-Kaduce & Parker, 1998; Thomas, 1997; Archambeault, 1996). In recent study conducted by Segal (2005) it was observed that merely ten percent of the public prisons were able to fulfill the criteria to receive accred

Advertising and Marketing of Audi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising and Marketing of Audi - Essay Example This essay "Advertising and Marketing of Audi" outlines advertisement campaign of this carmaker and its peculiarities. Continued survival of Audi in the international market and even protection of its image and brand name in the highly competitive global could definitely attributes to its exceptional advertising and marketing techniques and not traditional big names inferred for German cars. To begin with, Audi has been involving in direct confrontation with its immediate class competitor, which is BMW. The most latest direct confrontation involved of Audi and BMW appeared in an advertisement intended to familiarize a new Audi A4. In this billboard advertisement, Audi used the words â€Å"Your Move, BMW† that directly targeted to warn BMW that its perceived dominance in the class was under check. BMW countered this advertisement in a very offensive manner that later triggered another direct reply from Audi upon the introduction of the exotic R8 brand . The billboard for this a dvertisement was immediately beside that of the BMW with phrase, â€Å"Your pawn is no match for our king.† The possible intention of such an advertisement was to lower the actual status of advertised BMW car portrayed in the advertisement. This kind of advertisement seemed very aggressive thus proving to the public about the increasing command gained by Audi in the local market. Audi has also adopted an advertisement technique relating to the currently widespread technology. For instance, Audi has sought collaboration with the expensive and classy iPhone. In the collaboration, Audi created a car game a free game name the A4 driving challenge 2.0 installed in the iPhone. This advertisement created perception of the Audi A4 as a special car for the rich and wealthy individuals. According to Audi zone this advertisement portrayed Audi as the very first automobile company to exploit, the special features of iPhone that particularly targeted scientifically oriented customers. Audi zone also points at the newly developed online advertisement website cliqued â€Å"Meet the Beckers.†3 This website particularly intends and targets rich families who own Audi cars. The advertisement exists in two episodes that launch direct attack against the competitors of Audi. One of the episodes in this

John Forbes Nash Jr Essay Example for Free

John Forbes Nash Jr Essay John Forbes Nash Jr. (born June 13, 1928) is a mathematician who worked in game theory and differential geometry. He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for economics with two other game theorists, Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi. After a promising start to his mathematical career, Nash began to suffer from schizophrenia around his 30th year, an illness from which he has only recovered some 25 years later. John Nash was born in Bluefield, West Virginia as son of John Nash Sr. and Virginia Martin. His father was an electrotechnician; his mother a language teacher. As a young boy he spent much time reading books and experimenting in his room, which he had converted into a laboratory. From June 1945-June 1948 Nash studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, intending to become a technical engineer like his father. Instead, he developed a deep love for mathematics and a lifelong interest in subjects such as number theory, Diophantine equations, quantum mechanics and relativity theory. He loved solving problems. At Carnegie he became interested in the negotiation problem, which John von Neumann had left unsolved in his book The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1928). He participated in the game theory group there. From Pittsburgh he went to Princeton University where he worked on his equilibrium theory. He received a Ph. D. in 1950 with the dissertation Non-cooperative games. The thesis contained the definition and properties of what would later be called the Nash equilibrium; 44 years later, it would earn him the Nobel prize. His studies on this subject led to three articles, the first entitled Equilibrium Points in N-person Games, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) (1950), and the others in Econometrica about The Bargaining Problem (April 1950) and Two-person Cooperative Games (January 1953). The only official economic lessons he followed were a series about international trade. In the summer of 1950 he worked at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, where he returned for shorter periods in 1952 and 1954. From 1950-1951 he taught calculus courses at Princeton, studied and managed to stay out of military service. During this time, he proved the Nash embedding theorem, an important result in differential geometry about manifolds. In 1951-1952 he became science assistant at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At MIT, he met Alicia Lopez-Harrison de Larde, a math student from El Salvador, whom he married in February 1957. Their son, John Charles Martin (b. May 20, 1959), remained nameless for a year because Alicia, having just committed Nash to a mental hospital, felt that he should have a say in what to name the baby. As was his parents, John became a mathematician, but, like his father, he was diagnosed a paranoid schizophrenic. Nash had another son, John David (b. June 19, 1953), by Eleanor Stier, but refused to have anything to do with them. An admitted bisexual, he carried on intimate relationships with men during this period. Although she divorced him in 1963, Alicia took him back in 1970. But, according to Sylvia Nasars biography of Nash, Alicia referred to him as her boarder, and they lived like two distantly related individuals under one roof until he won the Nobel Prize in 1994, then they renewed their relationship. They remarried on June 1, 2001. In 1958 John Nash began to show the first signs of his mental illness. He became paranoid and was admitted into the McLean Hospital, April-May 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. After a problematic stay in Paris and Geneva, Nash returned to Princeton in 1960. He remained in and out of mental hospitals until 1970, and held a research position at Brandeis University from 1965-1967. Illustrative is the 30-year publication gap between 1966 and 1996 of any scientific work. In 1978 he was awarded the John Von Neumann Theory Prize for his invention of non-cooperative equilibriums, now called Nash equilibria. Nashs mental health improved very slowly. His interest in mathematical problems gradually returned, and with it the ability to think logically. He also became interested in computer programming. The 1990s brought a return of his genius, though it lived in a still feeble mind. In 1994 he received the Nobel Prize in Economics as a result of his game theory work at Princeton as a graduate student. He is still hoping to score substantial scientific results. Between 1945 and 1996 John Nash published a total of 23 scientific studies, plus an autobiographical essay, Les Prix Nobel (1994) [1] (http://www. nobel. se/economics/laureates/1994/nash-autobio. html), first published in Sweden. A film titled A Beautiful Mind, released in December 2001 and directed by Ron Howard, dramatically portrayed some events of Nashs life. It is (loosely) based on the biography of the same title, written by Sylvia Nasar (1999) and received four Oscars in 2002. A deleted scene from A Beautiful Mind reveals that Nash (re)invented the board game known as Hex or (at Princeton) Nash or John, as it was often played on hexagonal bathroom floor tiles. A Beautiful Mind has been criticized for its inaccurate portrayal of John Nashs life and schizophrenia. The PBS documentary A Brilliant Madness attempts to portray his life more accurately.

Here Follows Some Verses :: essays research papers

Here Follows Some Verses...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In all of Anne Bradstreet’s poetry that we have read, she has taken an experience of hers and then dissected and related it to Christian and, more generally, Puritan merits. â€Å"Here Follows Some Verses,† is no exception. After the burning of her house 1666, Bradstreet wrote this poem. It expresses her longing for the house and the possessions that were consumed in the fire. The poem also shows the author’s solid faith in God. There is a minor conflict between her religious merits and her connection with her lost items (namely her house). This conflict spurs questions that irk analysis of theology. However, they are resolved before the end of the poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The beginning of the poem is a wake up call. Bradstreet introduces the fire early in the poem, jolting our attention. She does this so that the sense of urgency she felt is convey to the reader. The first thought that comes to Bradstreet’s mind is to ask God for help, â€Å"†¦And not leave [her] succorless.† This was her first and, for her, most natural reaction to distress. Once she had escaped the house, she said that it was God’s will for the house to burn. From this we see that the author is a pious woman with solid faith. Soon after, we see that Bradstreet has a less religious side to her personality. After escaping from the house and looking at the ashes where her home once stood, she begins to long for the material possessions consumed in the fire. The flow of the poem changes from shocking to sad when the Bradstreet surveys the site and wherever she looks has memories of the things that once used to be there. There is a lot of repetition at this point. The words no and nor are repeated several times between lines 28 and 34, stressing her pining for her home and the memories that she will never have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The superficial side of Bradstreet shows itself for only a short time, however. She accepts the fire as an act of God.

Event Planning Essay

The chapter 3 of Allen`s Chapter talk about the communication objectives and targeting issues. As the starting point of event planning, the second step is setting communication objectives based on situation analysis and fit with corporate and market objectives. While setting a communication objective, planner could use some tools such as gap analysis and Ansoff matrix within the SMART rules; meanwhile, the objective should follow the communication theory. After that, planner should try to determine and describe target audiences in order to segment these targets. At last, the author segments the target in different lights: individual and decision-making unit, reference groups and opinion leaders etc. Therefore the event planner should take the most appropriate method, media and message to communicate with each group. In the event planning, the author provides some method to manage the information and timing. The author emphasize the important of task controlling—critical path, and provide two tools for event managing—function sheets and contact sheets. As the event planning is a time & detail sensitive matter, it is better to summarize and map the whole path through charting. Experience application When I worked in BBDO china, I have participated in the launch event of MINI JOHN COOPER WORKS (JCW). As the most performance in MINI vehicle family, MINI wishes to promote the JOHN COOPER WORKS as the highest class which is similar as BMW M1, which could fill in the gap of marketplace for MINI; meanwhile, because the stereotype to MINI`s driver (MINI always be regard as a female car in china), MINI hope to extend the target market to male group. Therefore, the corporate objective of MINI JCW is to fill in the gap of high class level; the market objective is â€Å"high class, high price, high performance† with extending the potential target consumer. For the communication objective, BBDO use research tools to check with the existing product, which shows that other series of MINI are always describe as smart, innovation, graceful and fancy, which have less relevant with the â€Å"masculine  image†; At the market place aspect, over 60% of drivers are female, that is to say, there are a large group of potential consumer—male group. Belonging to the higher class objective, the agency of MINI china, BBDO, decided to set the communication objective: combine the high performance feature with masculine image; make the MINI JCW as a strong and muscle car. As the highest performance car of the vehicle world is racing car, BBDO develop the theme of the communication: â€Å"Racing is in our blood.† Unlike the traditional promotion, BBDO took the inviting test driving as the main program of the launch event, and held it in the Shanghai Racing field; besides, MINI promote in multimedia: guerilla, OOH, advertorial, and on line teaser, which also emphasis this theme.